As atoms of all elements except the noble gases, have one to seven electrons in their outermost shell, therefore, they are not in the state of minimum energy. Free download of step by step solutions for class 10 Science chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding of ICSE Board (Concise - Selina Publishers). Question 13: Why molten NaCl conduct electricity but, CCl4 does not ? (iii) An electrostatic force of attraction exist between the oppositely charged ions. To begin, students: Complete the Chemical Bond Properties Chart - BLANK document. Hence, they are generally liquids or gases. This test is totally based on latest Chemistry textbook of ICSE Board. Answer: A molecule of HCl is a polar covalent, i.e., the electron pair shared between hydrogen and chlorine is far away from hydrogen than chlorine, with the result that hydrogen atom has a slight positive charge on it and the atom of chlorine has slight negative charge on it as, When hydrogen chloride is added to water, then water molecules bombard it from all directions. Atoms of different elements take part in chemical combination in order to complete … Any such aggregation in which atoms are held together and which is electrically neutral is called a molecule. (iii) The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 2, 5. (iv) the formula of the compound formed between calcium \(_{ 20 }^{ 40 }{ Ca }\) and Y. State the following : (i) the outer electronic configuration of Y. Chemical bonding is one of the key and basic concepts in chemistry. Answer: (i) Y will form an anion (ii) Z forms a cation (iii) X has four electrons in its valence shell. 2) Covalent Bond: The chemical bond formed between two combining atoms by mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. Question 17: What is lone pair effect ? CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OCTET RULE-During a chemical reaction the atoms tend to adjust their electronic arrangement in such a way that they achieve 8 e-in their outermost electron. It is defined as the attractive forces which hold the various chemical constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) Why ? Valency: Valency is the main point on which chemical bonding depends. Thus, the ionic compounds do not dissolve in them. Octet Rule. Answer: For the formation of a co-ordinate bond the atom acting as a donor must have one unused pair of electrons which may be donated by it to the acceptor atom. Answer: (i) (d) (ii) (a) Co-ordinate bond. If sufficient number of water molecules strike a particular chloride ion in same fashion, then it can be pulled out of the crystal of sodium chloride to form free chloride ion. This is similar to the formation of covalent bond. Justify your answer. Answer: The covalent compounds do not have positive or negative ions in their fused state. Kossel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding Hence molecule of hydrogen is more stable than uncombined atoms. For example, in case of methane molecule, the four electron pairs shared between one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms lie exactly in between one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms and hence forms non-polar bonds. (ii) Ions are formed during the formation of an electrovalent bond. (v) Electrovalent compounds exhibit isomorphism. Noble gases are considered stable because they do not react with other elements. Bond forms to get the stability. For webquest or practice, print a copy of this quiz at the Chemistry: Chemical Bonding webquest print page. Give two limiations of this rule. (ii) Explain why Carbon tetrachloride does not dissolve in water. Back to Science for Kids Forming Covalent Bonds. What is a chemical bond ? Properties: (i) It is hard and brittle. Question 16: Why all covalent compounds are bad conductor of electricity ? (ii) It is soluble in water. Question 7: In the formation of compound XY2, atorix X gives one electron to each Y atom. They are reactive. Thus in this molecule N-atom is left with a lone pair of electrons after completing its. (ii) In the formation of electrovalent compounds, electrons are transferred from one element to another. Answer: Formation of Hydronium ion, H3O+ : This ion formed by the combination of H2O molecule and H+ ion. Marks and answers are given immediately. Question 1: The combination of atoms to form molecules is based on octel rule. In hydrogen chloride, chlorine being more electronegative attracts the shared pair of electrons towards itself. Question 2: Write the general characteristics of electrovalent compounds. Question 16: Explain the formation of H3O+ and NH4+ ion. The acceptor atom must have an empty orbital to accept the lone pair of electrons. Question 12: Why ionic compounds are generally soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents ? Question 15: Why covalent compounds are generally liquids or gases ? Question 6: (i) Name the charged particles which attract one another to form electrovalent compounds. Answer: The force of attraction between the molecules is very weak and so the amount of energy needed to separate them is small, consequently they have low melting points and boiling points. Chemical Bond. Thus their melting and boiling points are higher than covalent compounds and lower than ionic compounds. For example: A fluorine atom has seven valence electrons. Question 19: (i) Acids dissolve in water to produce positively charged ions. Copyright © 2020 Entrancei. They tend to attain eight electrons in their outermost shell to acquire nearest inert gas electronic configuration. Answer: The covalent molecules are held very weakly by van der Waal’s forces. all rights reserved. Introduction to chemical bonding Chemical Bonding of Class 10. It is on account of this fact, that hydrogen ion is called proton. Answer: Every particle (molecule, atom or ion) has the tendency to attain the state of lowest energy. (ii) Electrovalent compounds form hard crystals. Answer: The cause of chemical combination between atoms of the various elements is their tendency to acquire nearest stable noble gas configuration of octet of electrons and duplet of electrons in case of hydrogen atoms in their outermost shells. Just follow the NCERT Textbook. Question 4: Why a molecule of hydrogen is more stable than the uncombined atoms ? Question 10: A compound has the formula H2Y (Y = Non-metal). Bond length depends upon the following factors: Bond Multiplicity Bond length decreases with increase in bond multiplicity. (iv) These compounds behave as non-conductors of electricity. (iii) Electrovalent compounds have high density with high melting and boiling points. (ii) For each compound, give the formulae of the ions formed in aqueous solutions. Question 11: Why do electrovalent compounds usually dissolve in water and molecular compounds dissolve in organic solvents ? Question 2: Why do certain elements form ions ? (ii) the valency of Y. Register online for Chemistry tuition on Vedantu.com to score more marks in your examination. Answer: Pure covalent bond exists between two elements which have similar electronegativities. Question 14: What are the characteristics of co-ordinate compounds? As the number of electrons in the outer shell is increased, the repulsion between them increases. Answer: Water is polar molecule.%It hydrates ions by its polar attraction and pulls the ions apart. (iii) Name one compound which is covalent, but on dissolving in water conducts electricity ? Question 4: What are the salient features of electrovalency ? Hence, it is a covalent compound. Chemical Bonding and Bond Theories; Molecular Structures and Theories; Hydrogen Bonding; The attractive force which holds together the constituent particles (atoms or molecules) in chemical species is known as chemical bond. These ions occupy fixed position in the crystals and do not move when an electric field is applied. CHEMICAL BOND- the chemical force which keeps the atoms in any molecule together is called a chemical bond. The arrow points from donor to acceptor atom. The following section consists of Chemistry Multiple Choice questions on Chemical Bonding For competitions and exams. You can download the Class 10 Chemistry ICSE Textbook Solutions with Free PDF download option. Thus, a co-ordinate bond is equivalent to a combination of an electrovalent bond and a covalent bond. Question 15: Which conditions are necessary for the formation of co-ordinate bond? Elements with high electron affinity values form ionic compounds. (iii) Elements Q and S react together to form an ionic compound. Answer: The important general characteristics of covalent compounds are as follows: (i) Usually covalent compounds exist in gaseous, liquid or amorphous state. In liquids, the molecules are weakly attracted whereas in gases, these forces are almost non¬existent. Answer: The general characteristics of co-ordinate compounds are as follows: (i) Co-ordinate compounds are identical to normal covalent compounds. Similarly, if the molecules of water bombards the chloride ion, such that the slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms face chloride ion then they exert an electrostatic pull on it. How are electrons involved in the formation of a covalent compound ? The electrons of lone pair on N-atom are donated to H+ ion and thus a N/EH co-ordinate bond is established in NH4+ ion. However, it is not actually known that how many molecules of water are necessary to pull out a particular ion from its crystal. Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding Ch 10 Page 1 . 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The formation of a covalent bond allows the nonmetals to obey the octet rule and thus become more stable. In such a configuration, none of the participating atoms is more electrically charged. (iii) It has high melting and boiling point. together in different chemical species. It donates its valence electron, the residual ion consists of a single proton. This makes the shell expand outward. Formation of NH4+, Ammonium ion : This ion formed by the combination of NH3 molecule and H+ ion. (b) Covalent bond. Answer: When the sodium chloride crystals come in contact with water, they are bombarded by water molecules from all possible directions. Chemical bonds are the forces that cause atoms and molecules to attract, and the strongest of these bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Question 13: How is a co-ordinate bond formed? Answer: A covalent bond between two atoms is non-polar if the electrons involved in bond formation are equally shared between two atoms having similar electronegativities. We provide step by step Solutions for ICSE Chemistry Class 10 Solutions Pdf. The molecules are made of two or more atoms joined together by some force acting between them. In what kind of compound does this effect occur ? The arrow represents a co-ordinate bond. In this process, they become charged particles or ions. The four carbon hydrogen tetrahedral structure. Question 7: An anion carries negative charge. Answer: The water molecules have high dielectric constant thus, water molecules easily break the ionic bonds between the ions. Question 5: Draw dot diagrams to illustrate the structure of the molecules of: (i) Ammonia (ii) Carbon dioxide (iii) Methane (iv) Water Answer: Question 6: Give the electron dot structures of: (i) NaCl (ii) MgCl2 (iii) CaO (iv) Cl2 (v) H2O (iv) NH3 Answer: Question 7: Draw an electron dot diagram to show the structure of hydronium ion. (iv) In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination between magnesium and chlorine), name the substance that is oxidised and the substance that is reduced. The attractive forces which holds various constituents such as atoms molecules and ions together in different chemical species is called a covalent bond A covalent bond includes the … Answer: The formation of co-ordinate bond between two atoms to occur in the following two steps: E.g. (vi) These are stable compounds. In other words the number of molecules per unit volume is less. Why ? The four carbon hydrogen bonds are directed towards the four corners of tetrahedron. Question 20: Why hydrogen chloride can be termed as a polar covalent compound ? 3) Coordinate bond is the bond formed between two atoms by sharing a pair of electrons, provided entirely by one of the combining atoms but shared by both . Chemical bond is an attractive force which keeps tow atoms or ions together in a molecule. Thus, a chemical bond is defined as a force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule. octet by sharing three of its valence shell electrons with three H-atoms. (ii) 2 (iii) Covalent (iv). If the alignment of a water molecule is such that slightly negative oxygen atom faces the slightly positive hydrogen atom of HCl then, the slightly positive hydrogen atom is swallowed by water molecule in the form of single proton to form hydronium ion (H+3O). (iv) There is one fixed direction in space among the ions. Answer: Lone pair of electrons is the unshared pair of electrons left on the atom in a covalent molecule Question 2. (ii) Give the molecular formula of the compound formed between E and G and state the type of chemical bond in this compound. This test module contains five questions in fill in the blanks format. Question 12: (i) Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure but produce ions when dissolved in water. Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and ions: H2S, SiCl BeF2, C03, HCOOH. (iii) has four electrons in its valence shell ? The three dimensional structure of methane molecule has the carbon atom at the centre of the tetrahedron and four hydrogen atoms are located at the corners of the tetrahedron. (v) The melting and boiling points are higher than covalent compounds and lower than ionic compounds. They can do so by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons. The ions drift in water in all possible directions and hence, ionic compounds dissolve in water, while organic solvents are non-polar in nature and hence, cannot break the ionic bonds. (vi) Many covalent compounds exhibit various types of isomerism. Lewis symbols : The electrons present in the outermost energy level of an atoms and known as valence electrons. Question 11: Elements X, Y and Z have atomic number 6, 9 and 12 respectively. Question 8: By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair effect leading to the formation of ammonium ion from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion. Question 6: A cation is smaller than the atom from which it is formed. Electro-negativity of carbon = 2.5 . Chemical Bonding ICSE Class-10 Concise Chemistry Selina Solutions Chapter-2. Question 1: Why atoms combine with one another ? Hence it is also called a semipolar bond or dotive bond. For these reasons the anion is bigger than the parent atom. Answer: The crystals of electrovalent compounds are made up of crystal lattice containing oppositely charged ions. Chemical Bonding AndMolecular Structures 2. (iii) Except for graphite, covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity. Give four properties of XY2. Answer: The cause of chemical combination between atoms of the various elements is their tendency to acquire nearest stable noble gas configuration of octet of electrons and duplet of electrons in case of hydrogen atoms in their outermost shells. (ii) High electron affinity: Higher the value of electron affinity, greater will be the tendency of the atom to gain electron and form an anion. Here you can get Class 11 Important Questions Chemistry based on NCERT Text book for Class XI.Chemistry Class 11 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. two atoms are A and B—in the first step the donor atom A transfers one electron of its lone pair to the acceptor atom B. You can read more about how I set up the station labs here. Answer: (ii) Because carbon tetrachloride is non-polar covalent compound whereas water is a polar covalent solvent. Question 18: Why most of the covalent compounds have density less than that of water ? . However, if you experience any difficulties, follow the following steps: 1.) In order to attain a minimum state of energy, i.e., to acquire a duplet or octet structure in their valence shell, they either donate or accept electrons. State the type of bonding present in it. Atoms enter into chemical bonding to acquire the stable inert gas electronic configuration. Explore the causes, effects, and solutions to ozone layer depletion only at BYJU'S. In such a configuration, none of the participating atoms is more electrically charged as compared to other atoms. As a result hydrogen acquires partial positive charge and chlorine gets partial r negative charge. Which are : (i) forms an anion (ii) forms a cation ? Metals with lower ionisation energy values have a greater tendency to form ionic bonds. The water molecule has two O—H covalent bonds and central oxygen atom has two lone pairs of electrons. Thus, when electric potential is supplied, no ions migrate to opposite poles and hence no conduction of electric current takes place. (ii) Covalent compounds have low melting or boiling points. A-1, Acharya Nikatan, Mayur Vihar, Phase-1, Central Market, New Delhi-110091. Answer: NH3 has one lone pair of electrons which is donates to hydrogen atom forming a co-ordinate bond. Electro-negativity of hydrogen = 2.1, Question 2: With the help of the figure Show HCl is-a polar molecule. Visit official Website CISCE for detail information about ICSE Board Class-10. (iii) High lattice energy: The higher is the value of lattice energy, greater will be the electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions and hence ionic compounds are formed with greater ease by release of energy. (iv) Electrovalent compounds are soluble in polar solvents. Chemical Bonding Class 11 Notes In class 11 students will come across the topic of chemical bonding in chapter 4 of the chemistry textbook. Question 19: Why do covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft solids ? Question 3: Explain how polar covalent compound HCl which is a bad conductor in pure and liquid state, ionises in water. Metals can only lose electrons to provide +ve ions. Choose […] (ii) It cannot explain the formation of molecules such as PF5, SF6 etc., in which central atom has more than eight electrons in its valence shell. The molecules possessing lower energy are more stable, than the atoms. Whereas Liquid CCl4 does not contain any charged particles to conduct electricity. This student-centered station lab is set up so students can begin to explore chemical bonding. Answer To be very honest, chemical bonding is the only chapter which is too easy to study. Lone pair effect is shpwn by polar covalent compounds such as HCl and NH3. Answer: Because they are short of octet in their outermost shell. Chemical Bonding is a chapter of ICSE class 10 Chemistry textbook. Covalent bonds are a class of chemical bonds where valence electrons are shared between two atoms, typically two nonmetals. Answer: When the unshared pair of electrons around an atom in the middle of a molecule is completely shared by another atom or an ion, it is called lone pair effect. Thus mass per unit is also less and hence, covalent compound have low density. Answer: Some salient features of electrovalency are mentioned below : (i) An electrovalent bond is formed by loss or gain or transfer of electrons. Each cation is surrounded by a definite number of anions and vice-versa. Question 5: Why is hydrogen ion called proton? Question 9: Why electrovalent compounds have high melting, boiling points and low volatility ? Question 3: Why are all atoms other then noble gas atoms, reactive ? Question 17: Why covalent compounds have low melting point and boiling point ? What is the nature of bond to XY2 ? Answer: (i) Hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature and in dry state it is a bad conductor of electricity. Chemical bonding: Atoms, molecule or ions or different elements except the noble, do not have complete or stable octet so they combine with another element to complete its octet, this process of completing its octet by combining with other element is known as chemical bonding. (iii) the bonding present in H2Y. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure-class XI 1. A molecule is formed if it is more stable and has lower energy than the individual atoms. In covalent compounds the polar charge on molecules is weak and does not have that much of attractive force on the molecules, organic solvents exert a greater polar attraction on covalent molecules and hence dissolve them. (v) Covalent compounds contain molecules and they undergo reactions slowly. This is second set of fill in the blanks test on Chemical Bonding. Answer: A co-ordinate bond is a union of one electrovalent and one covalent bond, the volatility of these compounds lies between that of covalent and ionic compounds. Thus, there are large inter molecular spaces between the molecules. Further, since the number of protons remains the same as in the neutral atom, the nucleus attracts the increased number of electrons less strongly. Hence in H3O+ ion all the three bonds are identical. Each of the stations is differentiated to challenge students using a different learning style. Therefore, a large amount of energy is required to separate them. Free PDF download of Important Questions for CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 4 - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure prepared by expert Chemistry teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. Answer: (i) It cannot explain the formation of molecules like BeF2, BF3 in which the central atom has less than 8 electrons in its valence shell. Answer: Formation of hydronium ion: The type of bonding present in hydronium ion is co-ordinate bonding. Question 21: Why is methane molecule regarded as a non-polar covalent compound ? Practice for next class: Bond Polarity One atom pulls the electrons in the bond closer to its side. H+ ion has one vacant ls-orbital. Answer: Molten NaCl contains Na+ and Cl– ions, which are free to move, hence it conducts electricity. Chemical bond:- Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in … Question 18: (i) Which of the following is not a common characteristic of an electrovalent compound ? Set 1 About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found at Chemistry: Chemical Bonding. Positive ions —> Cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.) Question 20: Predict the type of bonding in the following molecules : (i) Oxygen (ii) Calcium oxide (iii) Water (iv) Methane (v) Ammonium ion (vi) Nitrogen (vii) Magnesium chloride (viii) Carbon dioxide (ix) Carbon tetra chloride (xi) Hydrogen cyanide (x) Hydrogen chloride Answer: (i) Covalent bond (ii) Ionic bond (iii) Covalent bond (iv) Covalent bond (v) Covalent bond (vi) Ionic bond (vii) Covalent bond (viii) Covalent bond (ix) Covalent bond (xi) Covalent and co-ordinate bonds (x) Covalent bond, Question 1: With the help of the figure, explain that methane molecule is a non-polar covalent compound ? Due to these strong forces of attraction, ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points and low volatility. (iv) Which property of the above compound agrees with the being of a covalent compound ? Thus, hydrogen chloride can be termed as a polar covalent compound. TIP: I project the Chemical Bond Properties Chart and have the students copy down the properties of bonds before they perform the lab. Answer: When a molecule of hydrogen is formed from the atoms, energy is released (104 kcal/ mol). Answer: There is a strong force of attraction among the oppositely charged ions in the crystals of electrovalent compounds. (iv) No. In NH3 molecule each of three H-atoms is linked to N-atom by a covalent bond. Most of the substances found in nature are in the form of clusters or aggregates of atoms. (b) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding atom contributing one electron to the pair. (ii) It is rigid and has directional properties. Question 10: Why electrovalent compounds in crystalline state do not conduct electricity ? Question 8: There are three elements E, F, G with atomic numbers 19, 8 and 17 respectively. When the molecules of water bombard the sodium ion, such that the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom face sodium ion, then they exert an electrostatic pull on it. (iii) Solid state. Polar cgvalent compounds are however soluble in polar solvents. How many electrons in the outer shell of a nitrogen atom are not involved in the formation of a nitrogen molecule ? (ii) Give one property of magnesium chloride which agrees with it being an ionic compound. During the formation of H3O+, one pair of lone pair from O-atom is donated to the vacant ls-orbital of H+ ion and O — H co-ordinate bond is formed. with a release of energy. Thus H3O+ ion contains two O—H covalent bonds and one O— H co-ordinate bond. This result in that atom A develops unit positive charge and atom B develops a unit negative charge. (iv) Can Q and S, both be metals ? The residual chlorine atom takes away the electron of hydrogen atom along with it so as to form chloride ion as illustrated below: Question 4: How does common salt solution ionises in water which is a polar covalent compound ? (i) Classify the elements as metals and non-metals. Answer: Electrovalent crystalline solids do not conduct electricity because the oppositely charged ions in them are held together by a strong electrostatic force of attraction. After the formation O→ H+ co-ordinate bond becomes identical to the two O—H covalent bonds. Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the harmful UV radiations. Negative ions —> Anions (Cl–, O2-, N3-, etc.) 2, 5 are covalent when taken pure but produce ions cause of chemical bonding class 10 dissolved in water very. Electrically neutral is called proton, but on dissolving in water and molecular compounds dissolve in water carbon! 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